Technical Terms

From Faq

Glossary of Technical Terms

Contents:	Top - 0-9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

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2Hi: Hi-range 2WD. 2Hi refers to normal 2WD operation.

2Lo: Low-range 2WD. 2Lo allows the vehicle to operate in 2WD while utilizing the low-range gear ratio. 2Lo typically requires modification to the transfer case shifting mechanism (such as the shifter rails, or the electronic/vacuum actuator). For those with an automatic locker in the front, 2Lo can be helpful when making tight turns. It can also be helpful when axle bind may be a problem, such as on high-traction rock surfaces like those found in Moab, and other places.

4Hi: Hi-range 4WD. 4Hi is used for 4WD operation at normal, or highway driving speeds. It operates at the same gear ratio as normal 2WD operation. It is recommended for driving in slippery conditions, such as snowy/slushy pavement, dirt roads, and desert trails.

4Lo: Low-range 4WD. 4Lo is used for slower-speed offroading. It significantly reduces the strain on your vehicle's drivetrain. Since the low range gear ratio is roughly half that of high range, 4Lo provides 2-3 times more torque at about half to one-third of the engine speed. 4Lo is recommended for rock crawling, hill-climbs, or other situations where maximum torque is needed at much slower engine speeds.

4-Speed Electronically Controlled Automatic Transmission with intelligence (4ECT-i): The 4ECT-i transmission is Toyota's most advanced automatic transmission. The transmission computer networks with the engine computer to control hydraulic shift pressure more precisely than even the 4ECT. It also automatically adjusts for transmission wear over time.

4WDemand: Allows the driver to go from 2-wheel drive to 4-wheel drive and back while the vehicle is in motion, automatically locking the front hubs at speeds up to 50 mph. The driver needs only to move a lever to engage 4-wheel drive; it is not necessary to stop the vehicle. This system is available on certain 4-wheel-drive Toyota Trucks and 4Runner models.

4-Wheel Drive (4WD): A drive system where the engine drives all four wheels, 4WD helps improve traction under many circumstances. 4WD can be part-time (sometimes 2-wheel drive) or full-time (always 4-wheel drive).

5-Speed Manual Overdrive Transmission: Fifth gear reduces engine rpm at highway cruising speed and provides greater fuel economy, quieter operation, and less wear and tear on the engine.

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A

A-arm: See Control Arm.

A-pillar: The roof support on either side of a vehicle's windshield.

Accessories: Like options, these are features that don't come standard with a certain model, but are installed usually by the dealer. You can sometimes ask the dealer to add an accessory to a vehicle on hand.

Add-A-Leaf (AAL): An extra leaf spring that can be added to a spring pack for additional lift and/or firmer ride response.

ADD: See Automatic Disconnecting Differential

Aerodynamic Drag: Basically wind resistance, aerodynamic drag is expressed by a measurement called coefficient of drag (Cd). A lower number means an automobile cuts through wind more efficiently, resulting in better fuel economy and lower wind noise.

Aftermarket: Non-factory products and services used in vehicle maintenance, repair, and modification.

Airbump: A small pneumatic cylinder mounted to the chassis, usually charged with nitrogen. Similar to a small shock, airbumps increase dampening as the suspension is compressed near its limit.

Air Down: To lower the air pressure in the tires, usually to improve off-road traction.

All-Wheel Drive: This system sends power to all four wheels at all times. You do not need to select 2- or 4-wheel drive, as in part-time 4-wheel-drive systems.

ALR: See Automatic Locking Retractor, Electronic Locking Retractor.

Alternator: A device that converts rotational energy to AC current. Alternators provide energy for the vehicle electrical system. The alternator also recharges the battery.

Anti-lock Brake System (ABS): A sophisticated computer-controlled system that modulates brake pressure during hard braking to help avoid wheel lock-up and maintain steering control. When the wheels are beginning to lock, the computer causes the brakes to pulse more rapidly than humanly possible. This allows the wheels to rotate rather than skid, for better stopping and steering control.

Anti-Lockout Power Door Locks: Prevents the doors from being locked if the keys are in the ignition.

Anti-Roll Bar: See Sway Bar.

Apex: The middle point of the inside line around a corner.

Approach Angle: The maximum incline angle that a vehicle can climb without hittig the front bumper or undercarriage.

ARB: Australian manufacturer and distributor of 4x4 accessories. Includes the ARB brand of accessories, as well as Old Man Emu (OME) brand suspension products, and IPF brand auxiliary lights.

Articulation: The ability of one axle to move up or down relative to the chassis or its fellow axle. It is a measure of the ease with which wheels can stay in contact with the ground, and thereby maintain traction.

Articlation Angle: See Longitudinal Articulation Angle

Aspect Ratio: Generally the ratio between two dimensions of an object. In tire terminology it applies to the unloaded sidewall height of the tire divided by its overall width. A lower aspect ratio implies a shorter, wider tire.

Assist Grips: Handles mounted on the inside of a vehicle. They provide a convenient place to grab and obtain leverage for entering and exiting the vehicle.

Auto-On/Auto-Off Headlamps: This system detects the amount of daylight and automatically turns the headlamps on or off as required. It automatically turns lights off when the key is removed and the driver's door is opened. These automatic systems provide an added level of convenience, safety and security.

Automatic Disconnecting Differential (ADD): A 4WD system found on many Tacomas and 4Runners. Whereas traditional 4WD systems utilize manual locking hubs that must be locked by hand, the ADD system utilizes live hubs that are always locked. What this means is that even in 2WD, while moving, the driver-side and passenger-side axles and the differential are always spinning (the front drive shaft does not spin in 2WD). When in 2WD, although spinning, the driver-side axle is disconnected from the differential via a vacuum-actuated or electronically-actuated sleeve. When shifting the transfer case into 4WD, the front drive shaft is engaged, and the ADD actuator forces the sleeve toward the passenger side of the vehicle, effectively locking the splines of the driver-side axle with those of the differential.

Automatic Locking Differential (Auto-Locker): A traction assistance device that automatically locks the differential during normal driving but will "unlock" the differential during cornering, thereby maintaining differential action (allowing the axles to independently operate at different speeds). The locking action is mediated via torque.

Automatic Locking Front Hubs: In a part-time 4-wheel-drive vehicle, the front hubs must disconnect to "freewheel" when in 2-wheel drive. When the vehicle is shifted into 4-wheel drive, the axles automatically "lock up" in the differential, providing equal torque at each front wheel. They are activated simply by shifting into 4WD. Manual hubs (the old style) were mechanical systems that forced the driver to get out of the vehicle and turn a switch on each wheel before they were capable of accepting engine power.

Automatic Locking Retractor (ALR): Allows the securing of a child seat without using a seat belt locking clip. To activate the ALR retractor, pull the shoulder belt all the way out, then allow it to retract to the desired length. Press down firmly on the child seat as the belt retracts to buckle the child seat securely in place. Unbuckling the belt and allowing it to retract fully deactivates the ALR retractor. Do not place rearward-facing child seats in the front passenger seat. Serious injury or death can result from the deploying air bag. Place children securely in the rear seat. Please see your Owner's Manual for child seat usage.

Automatic Transmission: A transmission that shifts its own gears according to the prevailing speed, load, and road condition. Also called automatic gearbox. Operation can be electrical or hydraulic.

Automatic Transmission Shift Lock: This safety device requires that the ignition is on and the brake pedal is depressed before the transmission lever can be moved out of "Park." The shift lock prevents a car from being put into "Drive" or "Reverse" and accelerating inadvertently.

AWD: See All-Wheel Drive.

Axle: The term "axle" can be used to describe a few different components. The most basic definition describes an axle as a rotating metal shaft which drives a wheel. It is often referred to as a shaft or axle shaft. The axle shaft may be inside a housing (as in a solid axle), or exposed (as in a CV axle). The axle is connected to a differential. Depending on the type of axle, the axle may only provide rotating force to drive a wheel, or it may also carry some of the weight of the vehicle. The term "axle" is also commonly used when referring to an axle housing. For example, someone speaking about the "rear axle" is most likely talking about the axle housing, differential, axle shafts, and brakes.

Types of axles:

- CV axle

- Full-floating axle

- Semi-floating axle

- Solid/Live axle

Axle Ratio: The number of times the drive shaft rotates to turn the axle shaft one rotation. For example, if the drive shaft gear had 10 teeth and the axle shaft gear had 30 teeth, the drive shaft gear would have to turn three times to turn the axle shaft gear once. This translates to a ratio of three-to-one (3:1).

Axle Wrap: Unwanted suspension movement that allows the pinion angle to change. It is caused by torque being applied to the wheels (and therefore the suspension), which can result in wheel-hop and deformation of the leaf springs into an "S" shape. It may also lead to drivetrain binding and damage. It is more common with spring-over-axle setups than spring-under ones, and is exacerbated by softer leaf springs, lift shackles, and lift blocks.

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B

B-pillar: The roof support between a vehicle's front door window and rear side window, if there is one.

Balance Shaft: A small, weighted shafts — similar to a camshaft — inside the engine block. Two balance shafts rotate in opposite directions from each other at twice the crankshaft speed to help "cancel out" engine vibration. Balance shafts are most common to 4-cylinder engines to help reduce noise, vibration and harshness (NVH) inherent in this engine design.

Ball Joint: A flexible joint consisting of a ball in a socket. It is used primarily in the front suspension because of its wide range of motion.

Barrel (bbl): For automotive applications, the reference applies to carburetors. "2bbl" means that the carburetor has 2 barrels or venturi (or fuel nozzles). A "4bbl" carburetor has 4 barrels, etc. The number of venturi determine the amount of fuel that the carburetor can supply. A 4bbl carburetor can usually provide more fuel than a similar 2bbl unit.

bbl: Abbreviation for Barrel.

Belts: Made of reinforced rubber or similar materials, belts are used to drive many engine accessories. Most overhead cam (OHC) engines use cogged (toothed) belts to drive the camshaft(s). Belts drive the power steering pump, water pump, air-conditioning compressors, etc.

Bevel Gears: A gearset employing gears shaped like slices of a cone, which allows the axes of the gears to be nonparallel. Bevel gears are used to transmit motion through an angle.

bhp: Abbreviation for Brake Horsepower.

Block: See Lift Block.

Boost: See Boost Pressure.

Boost Gauge: A device that displays the amount of boost inside the intake manifold.

Boost Pressure (Boost): The increase above atmospheric pressure produced inside the intake manifold by any supercharger or turbocharger. The additional pressure creates a higher air density which can produce more power. Boost is most commonly measured in psi, but may also be measured in inches of mercury, or bar.

Bore x Stroke: Bore is the measurement of the diameter of each cylinder, and stroke is the distance the piston travels one-way within the cylinder. By first determining the area of the cylinder and then multiplying that by the stroke, you can obtain the displacement for each cylinder. Multiply that by the number of cylinders for the total engine displacement (engine size).

BPV: Acronym for Brake Proportioning Valve. See Load-Sensing Proportioning and Bypass Valve (LSP & BV).

Brake Assist: In emergencies, some drivers, especially inexperienced ones, often panic and do not apply sufficient pressure on the brake pedal. Brake Assist measures the speed and force with which the brake pedal is pushed to determine whether the driver is attempting an emergency stop. If the system determines that that is the case, it applies additional brake pressure to allow the driver to take full advantage of the ABS brake system. When the driver intentionally eases up on the brake pedal, the system reduces the amount of assistance it provides. This feature comes with Vehicle Skid Control.

Brake Bias: The front/rear distribution of a vehicle's braking power.

Brake Caliper: The disc brake component that straddles the rotor and houses the piston, cylinder and brake pads. The piston movement pushes the pad against the rotor to slow or stop the vehicle.

Brake Fade: This refers to a reduction of braking effectiveness caused by brake overheating. It can occur during excessively long and hard brake applications, and can be reduced with ventilated disc brakes.

Brake Horsepower (bhp): The measure of an engine's horsepower. Does not factor in the loss in power caused by the gearbox, generator, differential, water pump and other auxiliaries. The actual horsepower delivered to the driving wheels is less than the bhp.

Brake Proportioning Valve: See Load-Sensing Proportioning and Bypass Valve (LSP & BV).

Breathe, Breathing: A term used to describe an engine's ability to fill its cylinders with air-fuel mixture and then discharge the burnt exhaust gases. In general, the more air-fuel mixture an engine burns the more power it produces.

Bumpstop: A rubber, polyurethane, or hydraulic stop used to cushion the last stage of suspension compression. These, along with limiting straps, can be used to correctly limit suspension travel and prevent damage to shocks, suspension pivots, and driveline components.

Bushing: A piece of rubber or plastic (such as polyurethane) that fits in between two components. The bushing protects the two components from excess wear and damage

Bypass Valve: A general term for a valve that lets liquid or air circumvent a filter. For example, an oil bypass valve allows oil to circulate when the oil filter is clogged.

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C

C-pillar: The roof support between a vehicle's rearmost side window and its rear window. On a vehicle with four side pillars, the rearmost roof support may be called a D-pillar.

Cam: Most commonly used when referring to a camshaft (see Camshaft). Specifically, it is an eccentric (off-center) lobe or projection on a rotating shaft; used to transmit a motion at a predetermined time during the rotation of the shaft.

Cam Profile: The shape of each lobe on a camshaft. The profile determines the amount, or "duration," of time the valve is open; it also largely determines the valve's maximum opening, or "lift."

Camber: The angle between the plane of a wheel's circumference and a vertical line, measured in degrees and minutes. The tops of a car's wheels tilt inward when the camber is negative, outward when it is positive.

Camshaft: A rotating shaft with a number of cams or eccentric lobes used to open and close the engine cylinder valves, usually via pushrods and rocker arms. The crankshaft drives the camshaft through gears, belts, or chains.

Carburetor: A device through which air and fuel are atomized and drawn into the engine. It meters the proper proportions of fuel and air to form a combustible mixture and varies the ratio according to the engine operation. Air blowing over the fuel nozzles (jets) results in an air-fuel mixture burned in the cylinders. Carburetors were common on most vehicles before 1985. Currently, most vehicles use some form of fuel injection instead.

Caster: The angle between a vertical line and the car's steering axis when viewed from the side, measured in degrees and minutes.

Catalytic Converter: This muffler-like canister mounted in the exhaust system uses platinum or palladium as a catalyst to chemically convert some harmful emissions in a vehicle's exhaust into water vapor and carbon dioxide.

CFC-Free Air Conditioning: A vehicle air conditioning system that uses R-134a refrigerant instead of CFC-based chemicals (usually known as Freon).

Chain Drive: The driving of one shaft by another by means of a toothed wheel on each shaft, with the wheels connected by an endless chain with special links engaging the teeth.

Chassis: A general term that refers to all of the mechanical parts of a car attached to a structural frame. In cars with unitized construction, the chassis comprises everything but the body of the car. The vehicle frame including the engine, suspension, wheels, brakes and drive train. A vehicle without its body. In monocoque or unit construction it is integral with the body (commonly known as unibody).

Choke: A temporary restriction in a carburetor throat that reduces the flow of air and enriches the fuel-air mixture to aid in starting the engine.

CLA: See Coefficient of Longitudinal Articulation.

Clevis: See also Shackle. A clevis or shackle is a u-shaped fastening device with a threaded or locking pin used to connect winch cables or tow straps.

Clutch: A mechanism that uses plates coated with a high-friction material to transfer power from the engine to the drive train. Used when changing gear ratios during acceleration or deceleration. Clutches are also used to isolate rotating and non-rotating components. Clutches can allow slip between components to reduce shock loads between rotating and stationary components. Manual transmission vehicles use a clutch to transfer power from the gearbox to the wheels. Clutches are also used in other things like air conditioning compressors and some lockers and LSDs.

Clutch Start-Cancel Switch: This device in manual transmission-equipped vehicles prevents the vehicle's starter motor from engaging unless the clutch is depressed. This prevents the vehicle from starting while in gear.

Coefficient of Longitudinal Articulation (CLA, Longitudinal Articulation Angle): A number that represents the off-road potential of an off-road vehicle. CLA is a non-dimensional parameter, provisionally coined, that takes account of both wheel movement and wheelbase; it relates to the angle between the ground and a line joining the front and rear hubs (or tire periphery) when one wheel is pushed fully upward and the other is fully extended downward.

Coil Spring: A thick steel wire that has been coiled and heat-treated to form a very strong spring. Commonly used in car and light truck suspension systems, coil springs are space-efficient and can vary in stiffness, even within the same spring (i.e., stiff at the top and not stiff at the bottom). The coil springs on a given vehicle largely define how that car or truck's ride and handling will feel.

Combustion Chamber: The space remaining at the top of the cylinder when the piston is at the top dead center position. Where the fuel-air mixture begins to burn. Since most of the air-fuel mixture's combustion takes place in this space, its design and shape can greatly affect the power, fuel efficiency, and emissions of the engine.

Compliance: A slight resiliency, or "give," designed into suspension bushings to help absorb bumps. Good compliance allows the wheels to move rearward a bit as they hit bumps but doesn't allow them to move laterally during cornering.

Component: A part or subassembly that goes into a higher level assembly or other item.

Component Assembly: A combination of two or more parts or sub-components to form an assembly.

Compression: 1) In internal-combustion reciprocating engines, the squeezing of the fuel-air mixture in the cylinder of a spark-ignition engine or the squeezing of the air in a diesel engine. Compression makes combustion more effective and increases engine efficiency. 2) The upward movement of a vehicle's suspension.

Compression Ratio: A measurement of how tightly the air-fuel mixture is compressed or squeezed within the cylinder by the piston. This can be determined by taking the total volume of the cylinder when the piston is at its lowest point (Bottom Dead Center, or BDC) and dividing it by the volume when the piston is at its highest point (Top Dead Center, or TDC). In general, higher compression ratios yield greater power.

Compression Shackle: See also Tension Shackle. This leaf spring shackle design has the spring eye located below the shackle mount. The weight of the frame rests on the shackle, or to think of it another way, the shackle is being pushed up onto the frame due to the weight of the frame. This push will become pull only when the wheel leaves the ground and the frame suspends the weight of the suspension. Longer length shackles will increase suspension lift.

Connecting Rod: The metal rod that connects the piston to a throw on the crankshaft and converts the reciprocating motion into rotary motion.

Constant Velocity Axle (CV, CV Axle): The type of axle used with a control arm style independent front suspension (IFS). It is the rubber or plastic booted axle shaft assembly (one per side) that bolts to the differential housing flange on the inboard end, and mates to the hub/spindle on the outboard end.

Constant Velocity Joint (CV Joint): A universal joint that allows power to be transmitted from a transaxle to an axle or from an axle to a wheel even at sharp angles, as when the suspension moves up and down.

Constant Velocity Joints or CV joints allow a rotating shaft to transmit power through a variable angle, at constant rotational speed, without an appreciable increase in friction or play. They are mainly used in front wheel drive cars and the front drive systems of many modern 4WD vehicles.

Two different types of CV joint are used on the driveshafts of modern vehicles. At the "inboard" end, where the shaft only moves up and down with the movement of the suspension, a "Triax" (or tulip) joint is used. This has a three-pointed yoke attached to the shaft, which has barrel-shaped rollers on the ends. These fit into a cup with three matching grooves attached to the differential. Since there is only significant movement in one axis, this simple arrangement works well. At the "outboard" of the shaft, a slightly different unit is used. This has a large steel ball attached to the end of the shaft, with grooves machined in it to take (usually six) large steel balls. These are held in place by a bronze or steel cage, and fit into a grooved cup similar to the triax joint. This joint is extremely flexible, and can accommodate the large changes of angle when the front wheels are turned by the steering system.

These joints are very strong, and are usually highly overspecified for a given application. Maintenance is usually limited to checking that the rubber gaiter (CV Boot) that covers them is secure and not split. If the boot is damaged, the MoS2-molybdenite grease that the joint is packed with will be thrown out. The joint will then pick up dirt, water, and road deicing salt and cause the joint to overheat and prematurely wear. The grease can also contaminate the brakes.

Control Arm: A part of the suspension system designed to control wheel movement precisely. It is also known as a wishbone or an A-arm.

Crankcase: A pan or box that encloses the bottom of the engine, supports the crankshaft, and contains the oil for the engine.

Crankshaft: The shaft that converts the linear motion of the pistons into rotation. The crankshaft is connected to the transmission. A shaft with one or more cranks, or "throws," that are coupled by connecting rods to the engine's pistons. Together, the crankshaft and the connecting rods transform the pistons' reciprocating motion into rotary motion.

Crawl Ratio: A vehicle's lowest gear ratio. Determined by multiplying the first-gear ratio times the low-range ratio times the axle ratio.

Crumple Zones: These exist at the front and rear of the vehicle to help absorb the impact of a collision. These pre-stressed areas in the fender, hood, frame and related body components are designed to deform in a predetermined manner during collision. Their purpose is to help lessen the force the impact transfers to the passenger compartment. In essence, the crumple zone of a vehicle is sacrificed to help protect the occupants.

Cubic Capacity: The volume of the cylinder between the piston top dead center and bottom dead center. Expressed in cubic centimeters or cubic inches.

Curb Weight: The weight of an empty vehicle, without cargo and driver and passengers, but including maximum amounts of fuel, oil, coolant and standard equipment, including the spare tire and tools.

CV (CV axle): See Constant Velocity Axle

CV Boot: The ribbed rubber gaiter at each end of a CV half-shaft. A boot covers and protects each CV joint.

Cylinder: The hollow tubular cavity in the cylinder block in which the piston travels and in which combustion takes place. Typically made of cast iron and formed as a part of the block.

Cylinder Head: The aluminum or iron casting that houses the combustion chambers, the intake and exhaust ports, and much or all of the valvetrain. The head (or heads, if an engine has more than one bank of cylinders) is always directly above the cylinders. The detachable part of the top of the cylinder block that contains the spark plugs and valves. It seals the cylinder and forms the top of the combustion chamber.

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D

Daytime Running Lights (DRL): The daytime running light system activates the low beam headlights at a reduced intensity during daylight to keep the car highly visible to other vehicles. On some models, a dash-mounted sensor automatically switches between DRLs and the normal intensity low beams according to the lighting conditions (nighttime, tunnel, etc.). (Note: The DRL system activates either low beams or high beams — it varies by model.)

Dead Pedal: A footrest found to the left of the leftmost pedal.

Detonation: A condition in which, after the spark plug fires, some of the unburned air-fuel mixture in the combustion chamber explodes spontaneously, set off only by the heat and pressure of air-fuel mixture that has already been ignited. Detonation, or "knock," greatly increases the mechanical and thermal stresses on the engine.

Diesel Engine: An internal-combustion engine in which the fuel is injected into the cylinder near the end of the compression stroke and is ignited by the heat of the compressed air in the cylinder. No spark plug or carburetor is needed.

Diff: See Differential.

Differential (Diff): A gear assembly that allows one driven wheel to turn at a different speed from the wheel on the other end of the axle. This is necessary since an outside wheel has farther to travel than an inside wheel when turning a corner.

Differential Carrier (Differential Housing): The unit, located on an axle housing, that carries the differential gears. Many older differential carriers were separate units, welded to the axle tubes. In most modern axle housings, the differential carrier is an integral part of the axle housing (ie., the axle tubes and differential carrier are all one unit). In this type of setup, the differential is carried by bearings that ride directly in the axle housing.

Differential Gears: The gears that convey engine power to the driving axles and are arranged so as to permit the rear wheels to turn at different speeds as required when the vehicle is negotiating a turn.

Disc Brake: A disc or rotor is attached to the wheel. A non-moving caliper straddles this disc. When you push the brake pedal, pads within the caliper squeeze both sides of the disc to slow and stop the wheel (see Ventilated Disc Brakes).

Distributor: A device that transfers voltage to the spark plug. A rotor in the distributor spins and touches contacts that are connected to spark plug wires. The wires then conduct the voltage to the spark plug. The moving part of the internal-combustion engine ignition system that directs the high-voltage current from the coil to the spark plugs in the proper firing order.

Distributorless Ignition: Rather than use a mechanical distributor to time spark plug firing, the distributorless Toyota Direct Ignition (TDI) system places an ignition coil on top of each spark plug (in some cases, two spark plugs share a coil). This eliminates many wear items and reduces the number of parts in the system as well as the number of high-voltage wires under the hood.

Double Overhead Cam (DOHC): An engine configuration with two overhead camshafts per row of cylinders. One camshaft operates the intake valves and the other operates the exhaust valves. This is the usual arrangement in engines with multi-valve cylinder heads. Compared to single overhead cam designs, the direct drive used in all Toyota DOHC engines requires fewer moving parts. It eliminates the rocker arm needed to activate the valves, thus improving efficiency and reducing vibration and noise. Compared to push-rod overhead valve (OHV) engines, which use an arrangement by which the camshaft is located in the engine block and opens the valves via long push rods and rocker arms, it eliminates the need for both of these components. With fewer moving parts, there is less inertia. So, an overhead cam engine can run at a higher speed and produce more power than a comparably sized pushrod engine.

Double Wishbone Suspension: This is an independent suspension system in which each wheel is located on a "knuckle" that is connected by ball joints to upper and lower A-arms that are unequal in length. This system minimizes changes in track and camber during cornering and when driving over bumps.

Down-travel: Maximum distance a wheel can drop from its normal position, when the suspension hangs freely.

Drivetrain: The interconnected components that transmit the engine power to the wheels (i.e., the engine, the transmission, the differential(s), the hubs, any interconnecting shafts, gears and clutches that transmits the engine power to the wheels).

Driveline: Everything in the drivetrain, less the engine and the transmission.

Driveshaft: A rotating shaft that transfers power from the transmission to the wheels, via the driveline.

Driving Lights: Auxiliary lights that extend the reach of standard headlights. Driving lights have a narrower beam than headlights.

Droop: See Down-Travel.

Drum Brake: A hollow drum is attached to the wheel and rotates with it. When you push the brake pedal, two "shoes" press against the inside surface of the drum to slow and stop the wheel.

Dual Air Bag Supplemental Restraint System (SRS): In vehicles equipped with an air bag Supplemental Restraint System (SRS), the air bag inflates with nitrogen gas within a fraction of a second to help cushion the driver's head and upper torso to help prevent serious injury in a severe frontal impact. This system supplements, but does not replace, the 3-point seat belt system, which provides primary protection. The air bag is not intended to operate during an impact other than a severe frontal impact, in which case the 3-point system is the only personal protection. In a severe frontal impact, sensors located in the center console (or floor tunnel) sense the impact and activate the air bag system. The air bag, which emerges from the steering wheel pad, then deflates within a few tenths of a second.

To decrease the risk of injury from a deploying air bag, always wear seat belts and sit upright in the middle of the seat as far back as possible from the air bag modules. Do not put objects in front of an air bag. Do not use rearward-facing child seats in any front passenger seat. The force of a deploying air bag may cause serious injury or death. Please see your Owner's Manual for further instructions.

Driver and Front Passenger Air Bags: The Toyota driver and front passenger air bags are Supplemental Restraint Systems (SRS). The driver and front passenger air bags are designed to inflate in a severe frontal collision. In all other accidents, the air bags will not inflate.

The front passenger air bag is usually incorporated into the top part of the passenger-side instrument panel. This air bag emerges from an air bag module that can usually be replaced without replacing the entire instrument panel. This bag is larger than the driver-side air bag to ensure that it cushions the passenger's head and torso in case of a severe frontal impact.

Driver, Front Passenger and Front Seat-Mounted Side-Impact Air Bags: The Toyota driver, front passenger and front seat-mounted side-impact air bags are Supplemental Restraint Systems (SRS). The driver and front passenger air bags are designed to inflate in a severe frontal collision. The side-impact air bags are designed to inflate in severe side-impact collisions. In all other accidents, the air bags will not inflate.

Driver and Front Passenger Air Bags (with passenger air bag cutoff switch): The Toyota driver and front passenger air bags are Supplemental Restraint Systems (SRS). The driver and front passenger air bags are designed to inflate in a severe frontal collision. In all other accidents, the air bags will not inflate.

Driver and Front Passenger Air Bags, Front Seat-Mounted Side-Impact Air Bags and Side Curtain Air Bags: The Toyota driver, front passenger, front seat-mounted side-impact and side curtain air bags are Supplemental Restraint Systems (SRS). The driver and front passenger air bags are designed to inflate in a severe frontal collision. The side-impact and curtain air bags are designed to inflate in severe side-impact collisions. In all other accidents, the air bags will not inflate.

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E

E-Locker: See Electronic Differential Locker.

EBD: See Electronic Brake-force Distribution.

EFI: See Electronic Fuel Injection.

EGR: See Exhaust-Gas Recirculation.

Electrical System: In electric ignition internal-combustion engines, those components required to convert the electricity produced by the generator into a high-voltage spark for the plugs. Includes generator or alternator, points, condenser, coil, distributor and spark plugs plus wiring.

Electronic Brake-force Distribution (EBD): This system optimizes the braking effort distributed between front and rear axles. Vehicle stability during braking is improved in conditions that fall short of triggering the ABS. EBD helps minimize stopping distances regardless of load conditions.

Electronic Differential Locker (E-Locker): Most commonly refers to Toyota's electronically actuated differential locker for the 8" Toyota solid-axle. Could also refer to any other electronically actuated differential locker.

Electronic Fuel Injection (EFI): A system that injects fuel into the cylinders, and is timed and metered by an electronic control unit.

Electronically Tuned Radio (ETR): In addition to tuning with more precision, an ETR permits adding other electronic features, such as station seek and scan.

ELR: See Emergency Locking Retractor 3-Point Seatbelts.

Emergency Locking Retractor 3-Point Seatbelts (ELR): Allows the driver seat belt to extend and retract with occupant movement, yet locks the belt during a sudden stop or upon impact.

Engine Immobilizer: An ID code stored in a transponder embedded in the ignition key is compared to the ignition transponder. If the codes match, the immobilizer is deactivated and allows the engine to start. If the codes do not match, the engine will not start.

Engine Mount: Engines (and transmissions) are mounted to a vehicle's frame or sub-frame on top of rubber or fluid-filled rubber devices.

ETR: See Electronically Tuned Radio.

Exhaust: The system of expelling the burned gases from an internal-combustion engine. Consists of piping or tubing, silencers, and, at times, resonators.

Exhaust-Gas Recirculation (EGR): A method of reducing NOx (oxides of nitrogen) exhaust emissions by recirculating some of the engine's exhaust gas into the intake manifold. The exhaust gas serves as inert filler that absorbs heat during the combustion process and reduces the peak temperature reached during combustion.

Exhaust Manifold: The network of passages that gathers the exhaust gases from the various exhaust ports and routes them toward the catalysts and mufflers of the exhaust system. A manifold with free-flowing passages of a carefully designed configuration, called a "header," can improve breathing.

Exhaust Port: The passageway in the cylinder head leading from the exhaust valves to the exhaust manifold.

Extra Value Package: A package contains several options together for one price. The price of the package is less than the price of purchasing all the options separately. Actual dealer price and customer savings may vary.

Package examples:

The Third Seat Package includes a removable split/folding rear bench seat with headrests, outboard 3-point seat belts and 2-point center lap belt, power rear quarter windows, rear-seat cup holders, assist grips and child-protector rear hatch lock.

The Leather Trim Package adds leather-faced seats and headrests.

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F

Feedback Fuel-Air-Ratio Control: A feature of a computer-controlled fuel system. By using a sensor to measure the oxygen content of the engine's exhaust, the system keeps the fuel-air ratio very close to the proportion for chemically perfect combustion. Such tight control of the fuel-air ratio is mandatory for the proper operation of three-way catalysts.

Final-Drive Ratio: The reduction ratio, found in the gearset of a drivetrain, that is furthest removed from the engine. Typically, the differential ratio.

Floorpan: The largest and most important stamped metal part in a vehicle's body. Usually assembled from several smaller stampings, the floorpan forms the floor and fixes the dimensions for most of the vehicle's external and structural panels. It is also the foundation for many of the vehicle's mechanical parts.

Fluid Coupling: Any device that transfers power through a fluid between its inputs and outputs. A fluid coupling basically consists of two fans in a sealed, oil-filled housing. The input fan churns the oil, and the churning oil in turn twirls the output fan. Such a coupling allows some speed difference between its input and output shafts.

Flywheel: A large, heavy iron or steel disc attached to the rear of an engine crankshaft in order to provide sufficient centrifugal force thereby smoothing its power flow.

Fog Lights: Auxiliary lights that provide a wider beam pattern than standard headlights. Foglights are usually mounted lower than headlights to illuminate below fog and reduce reflected glare.

Frame: A bridge-like, structural base of a car that supports and positions the body and major mechanical items.

Front-Wheel Drive (FWD): Allowing more passenger and cargo room by placing the engine transversely (or sideways), this system carries the weight of the engine and transmission over the drive wheels, helping to improve traction in certain situations.

Fuel Injection: On internal-combustion engines, a system that injects a precisely measured amount of fuel into the cylinder at exactly the right moment. Eliminates the carburetor and increases engine efficiency. Fuel injection provides better metering of fuel and air than carburetors. This results in more power, improved fuel economy, and lower emissions. The simplest systems use single or dual injectors in a central chamber to supply all cylinders. More sophisticated systems use an injector at each cylinder to precisely meter fuel. Any system that meters fuel to an engine by measuring its needs and then regulating the fuel flow, by electronic or mechanical means, through a pump and injectors. Throttle-body injection locates the injector(s) centrally in the throttle-body housing, while port injection allocates at least one injector for each cylinder near its intake port.

Full-Floating Axle: The full-floating axle design fastens the wheel to a separate hub which rotates on large roller bearings secured to a spindle on the outer ends of the axle housing. All of the weight is carried on the hub and two large hub bearings (essentially on the axle housing), while the axle shaft goes through the hub and handles only the twisting force from the engine. This design is stronger than a semi-floating axle, and if an axle breaks/fails, it can be removed and the vehicle can continue driving without the possibility of the wheel falling off. Full-floating axles are a better choice for larger tires, heavier payloads, and hi-torque applications.

Full Spool (Fully Spooled): See Spooled Carrier.

Full-Time 4WD: Four-wheel drive system in which the vehicle is constantly providing power to all four wheels, usually with power being shifted as needed between the front and rear axles, via a center differential. This system results in maximum traction at nearly all times, even in wet or otherwise slippery conditions, without the need for input from the driver. Two-wheel drive is not possible with this type of system. It is important to note that, when off-roading, full-time 4WD is not as effective as part-time 4WD. The full-time systems allow either the front or rear tires to spin when traction is lost, because of the open center differential.

FWD: See Front Wheel Drive.

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G

Gas-Filled Shock Absorbers: Containing compressed nitrogen gas, these shocks generally respond more quickly and do not "fatigue" under hard use.

Gears: Wheels with meshing teeth to transmit power between rotating shafts. When the gear wheels are of different sizes, a change in speed ratio occurs. Gears are made of hard steel.

Gearset: A group of two or more gears used to transmit power.

Gross Axle Weight Rating: The maximum amount of weight that can be supported by each axle, as designated by the manufacturer.

Gross Combined Weight (GCW): The total weight of a vehicle, including all its contents, plus the weight of a trailer and its entire contents. The GCW should not be allowed to exceed the Gross Combined Weight Rating (GCWR).

Gross Combined Weight Rating (GCWR): GCWR is the maximum recommended weight of a vehicle with a towed trailer. A vehicle usually can't accept the same load of people and cargo when towing a trailer as it can without the trailer. GCWR is not the sum of GVWR plus maximum trailer payload.

Gross Vehicle Weight (GVW): The sum of curb weight and payload. Curb weight is the weight of a vehicle with all fluids, less driver, ready to be operated. Payload is the load added to a vehicle, including the driver, passengers and any other equipment or cargo.

Gross Vehicle Weight Rating (GVWR): The maximum allowable loaded vehicle weight. It includes the vehicle and its equipment, fluids, occupants and cargo.

Ground Clearance: The distance between the lowest point on the vehicle and level ground.

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H

Half-Shaft: A rotating and articulating axle shaft that transmits power from the differential to the wheel. The Toyota IFS suspension utilizes half-shafts, which are more commonly referred to simply as CV's. Two are required; one for each side.

Halogen Headlamps: Headlamps with special bulbs that provide brighter illumination than conventional bulbs yet last longer and use less energy. They get their name from the halogen gas inside the bulb.

Handling: A general term covering all the aspects of a car's behavior that are related to its directional control.

Heim Joint: An extremely rigid articulating joint, commonly known as a ""spherical rod-end,"" used in any precision linkage. Heim joints are often used in the suspension links because they locate wheels very precisely.

Helical Gear: A gear in which the teeth are cut at an angle to the shaft. The advantage is that there are usually two teeth meshing at all times, making for smoother and quieter operation. Helical Gear A type of gear in which the teeth are cut at a slanting angle to the gear's circumference. A helical design produces an even, constant tooth loading in a gearset, thereby reducing noise.

High-Centered: When a vehicle is suspended on it's undercarriage, such that three or more tires lack traction.

High Solar Energy-Absorbing Glass (HSEA): Helps keep the vehicle's interior cooler and helps reduce interior window fogging.

Hi-Lift: A name brand general purpose jack. Hi-Lifts are very handy for vehicle recovery and repairs, especially when off-road.

HomeLink®2 Universal Remote System: The HomeLink System learns the codes for up to three remote-controlled devices through a simple training process. HomeLink can then activate those devices at the push of a button — all from one unit permanently mounted in the vehicle's sun visor, overhead console or mirror. There's no transmitter clutter in the vehicle, no batteries to change or individual transmitters to misplace. HomeLink is rolling-code compatible, is powered by the vehicle's charging system, can be reprogrammed at any time and can activate home lighting with the available HomeLink Lighting Package. It also has technical support available via a toll-free HomeLink Customer Service line: (800) 355-3515. HomeLink® is a registered trademark of Johnson Controls.

Horsepower: The measurement of the ability to do work over time. One horsepower is the amount of energy needed to raise 33,000 pounds a distance of one foot in one minute. Simply put, it is the engine performance rating that helps an engine maintain and maximize vehicle speeds.

Hotchkiss Suspension: A live-axle rear suspension in which leaf springs handle both the axle's springing and its location.

Hydraulic: A mechanical operation based on incompressibility of liquids, generally oil and sometimes water, and their ability to offer resistance when being forced into a small cylinder or through an orifice, thereby transmitting an increase in applied force. Hydraulic brakes and clutches use this principle.

Hydraulic Shift Pressure: Automatic transmissions operate by fluid pressures to engage and disengage the transmission's gears from the engine.

Hydraulic Valve Lifter: Valve lifter using hydraulic oil pressure to operate and capable of maintaining zero clearance between metal parts. Thus, valve noise and wear are considerably reduced as are the periodic valve adjustments.

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I

Ignition System: Electrical system devised to produce timed sparks from engine spark plugs. Consisting of a battery, induction coil, capacitor, distributor, spark plugs and relevant switches and wiring.

Independent Suspension: Each wheel of an independent suspension is sprung separately so that a bump affecting one does not affect the others.

Inline Engine: An engine having the cylinders in a straight line, one after the other. Also called a "straight" engine.

Intake Charge: The mixture of fuel and air that flows into the engine.

Intake Manifold: The network of passages that direct air or air-fuel mixture from the throttle body to the intake ports in the cylinder head. The flow typically proceeds from the throttle body into a chamber called the plenum, which in turn feeds individual tubes, called runners, leading to each intake port. Engine breathing is enhanced if the intake manifold is configured to optimize the pressure pulses in the intake system.

Intake Port: The passageway in a cylinder head leading from the intake manifold to the intake valve(s).

Internal-Combustion Engine: Any engine, either reciprocating or rotary, in which the fuel is consumed in the interior of the engine rather than outside of the engine.

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J

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K

Knock Sensor (Knock Control System): By detecting high frequency vibrations that are early signs of pinging (pre-ignition) or knocking, a computerized engine control can retard the spark timing until the knock ceases. This allows an engine to take advantage of a high compression ratio (for more power) while reducing the risk of damage from hot weather, increased engine loads or lower grades of gasoline.

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L

Lateral Link: A suspension link that is aligned to resist sideways motions in a wheel.

Leading Link: A suspension link that is aligned to resist longitudinal motions in a wheel; it is mounted to the chassis behind the wheel.

Leaf Spring: A leaf spring is a flat band of steel, curved into an arc, that usually mounts a solid axle to the vehicle. Most leaf springs have several bands of steel (a multi-leaf spring). Used in the rear suspension of Toyota trucks, leaf springs are simple, flexible and very rugged suspension components.

Lift Block: A block of steel or aluminum placed between the rear axle and leaf springs to gain lift. Lift blocks should never be used on front axles, and such use is illegal in most states.

Limited Slip Differential (LSD): Traction assistance device that improves traction by splitting torque evenly and preventing one wheel from slipping or spinning. Especially helpful during cornering or other slippery situations (snow, gravel, etc.). A differential that reduces speed differences between wheels. The differential uses cone or disc clutches to lock the two separate axle shafts. This forces both driving wheels to transmit the same drive torque regardless of the traction available. It still allows differential action under normal driving conditions but improves traction in mud and snow. Limited slip ensures that some torque is always distributed to both wheels, even when one is on very slippery pavement.

Limit Strap: A strap used to limit the suspension's down-travel. Usually constructed of nylon or similar materials, the straps help prevent the shocks from topping out and minimize binding or overextension of other suspension and driveline components.

Lincoln Locker: More accurately referred to as a spooled carrier, the Lincoln Locker involves permanently locking the front differential by welding the spider gears together so that the two separate axle shafts act as a single unit. In this setup, both wheels will turn at the same speed at all times. As with any spooled carrier, the Lincoln locker is not recommended for use on the street (excessive tire wear, axle binding issues, etc.). Additionally, it is almost never recommended for front axles (would make steering extremely difficult). Lincoln locker gets its name from the Lincoln brand of welding machines, though you can Lincoln lock a differential using any brand of welder.

Line: The path a vehicle takes over an obstacle.

'Link: A suspension member that has a single joint at each end. Live Axle A rigid axle incorporating a differential and axle shafts to power the two wheels it is supporting.

Live-Axle: An axle design that transmits power via a differential or spool and separate half shafts located within a solid-axle housing.

Load-Sensing Proportioning and Bypass Valve (LSP & BV): Mounted to the frame and the rear suspension arm/rear axle, the LSP & BV senses the weight distribution of the vehicle and automatically varies the amount of hydraulic pressure to the rear brakes based on the load in the vehicle. This helps to reduce rear-wheel lock-up with either light or heavy loads to maintain stopping control.

Locked: Term used to indicate that a differential is locked, or has a differential locker installed and/or engaged.

Locker: A traction assistance device that allows the differential to lock both axle shafts into place (driver and passenger sides), so that both wheels receive equal power, even if one of those wheels has lost traction.

Locking Differential: A differential that has been fitted with an automatic or selectable locker.

Lockup Converter: An automatic transmission with a mechanical clutch that bypasses the fluid coupling of the torque converter. A lockup converter is more efficient because there is no wasted energy in the transmission fluid of the torque converter. Most automatic transmissions have a lockup converter for the highest ratio(usually 4th or 5th gear).

Lockup Torque Converter: A torque converter fitted with a lock-up clutch that can be engaged to eliminate the slip between the torque converter's input and output, thereby improving fuel efficiency and performance.

Longitudinal Articulation Angle: See Coefficient of Longitudinal Articulation.

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M

MacPherson Strut Suspension System: An independent suspension unit consisting of both a coil spring and a shock strut. (A shock absorber is inside the strut.) It is most commonly found in the front of passenger cars, but can also be used in the rear. This is a compact design that allows efficient space utilization while providing a smooth, comfortable ride with good handling.

Main Bearings: The bearings in an engine block that support the crankshaft.

Manual Hubs: Hubs which must be individually (driver side & pass. side) and manually locked and unlocked by turning a dial on the face of the hub. When manual hubs are locked, the hub and tire/wheel assembly are mated to the drive axle's axle shaft, which is connected to the differential. One advantage of front manual hubs is that when they are unlocked in 2WD, neither the axles nor differential are spinning, which can reduce wear on CV boots (with IFS) and other parts. Another advantage to running manual hubs on an IFS-equipped Toyota is that if a CV axle breaks, the hub can be unlocked and the vehicle can still be driven (albeit without power to that side). If a CV axle breaks on a truck with the ADD system, the axle must be replaced before moving on.

(Note: Manual hubs are rarely found on rear axles, as the rear axles are usually the primary drive axles, and therefore always need to be receiving power)

Manual Locker: A part-time locker that is engaged manually via a cable mechanism, electronic switch, or other means. See also Selectable Locker.

Manual Transmission: A mechanism in the drive train with gears to vary the power and torque delivered to the driven wheels. It consists of a lever that the driver operates in conjunction with the clutch to change from one gear to another.

Manufacturer's Suggested Retail Price (MSRP): The retail price of the vehicle as recommended by the manufacturer — often called the sticker or list price.

Manufacturer's Suggested Retail Price includes the delivery, processing and handling fees. (Historically, vehicle manufacturers and distributors have charged a separate fee for processing, handling and delivering vehicles to dealerships. Toyota's charge for these services is called the "Delivery, Processing and Handling Fee" and is based on the value of the processing, handling and delivery services Toyota provides as well as Toyota's overall pricing structure. Toyota may make a profit on the Delivery, Processing and Handling Fee.) Excludes taxes, license, title and available or regionally required equipment. The Delivery, Processing and Handling Fee in AL, FL, GA, NC, SC, AR, LA, MS, OK and TX is $15 higher for Trucks, Sienna and SUVs, and $30 higher for all other Toyota vehicles. Actual dealer price may vary. Pricing, specifications, standard features and available equipment are based on information available when this page was produced and are subject to change without notice.

Micron Air Filter: This is a particulate air-filtration system that removes airborne particles larger than three microns. This helps prevent more than 90 percent of pollens, spores and road dust from entering the cabin, which helps those who suffer from allergies, asthma or other breathing problems.

Mini-Spool: A traction assistance device inserted into an open carrier (open diff), that replaces the side gears and spider gears, locking the carrier and axle shafts together full-time. It's action is similar to that of a full-spool. But because a mini-spool re-uses the stock carrier, it is typically not as strong as a full-spool.

Model Grade: A certain model (Corolla, Avalon, etc.) may come in several varieties or levels of "trim." These are often designated with letter combinations, like CE or XLE. The model grade is usually based on features that come standard with a vehicle, though some stylistic differences may also factor in.

Multi-Link Suspension: A general term for suspensions that are controlled with several link arms. These links restrict undesired motion of the suspension. Multi-link suspensions provide better handling and ride control than simpler types. They are also more expensive to manufacture/fabricate.

Multi-Valve Engine: By using more than the traditional one intake and one exhaust valve (two per cylinder), multiple valves (usually four per cylinder) increase the flow of the fuel/air mixture into the engine and exhaust gases out of the engine. It also allows a more central location of the spark plug for more uniform combustion.

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N

Normally Aspirated: An engine that intakes air or "breathes" without the assistance of a supercharger or turbocharger.

Noise, Vibration And Harshness: This term covers a wide range of factors that negatively affect the quiet and quality feel of a vehicle.

NVH: See Noise, Vibration, and Harshness.

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O

Octane: A numeric rating of gasoline’s resistance to detonation(premature ignition). The higher the octane number, the less chance of detonation. High octane (above 91) is usually worthwhile only if the manufacturer specifically recommends it. Octane is actually a hydrocarbon(C8H18).

OEM: See Original Equipment Manufacturer

Off-Camber: Condition in which the road/trail is on a sideways incline. Off-camber conditions increase the likelihood of a rollover.

Off-Highway Vehicle: Vehicle intended for operation on unmade surfaces or rough terrain.

OHV: See Off-Highway Vehicle.

Oil Pump: An engine-driven pump that delivers oil, under pressure, to the engine's moving parts.

Oil Ring: The lowermost piston ring that scrapes off excess oil from the cylinder walls and returns it to the oil pan via vents in the ring and piston.

Old Man Emu (OME): Australian brand of suspension components manufactured and distributed by ARB.

OME: See Old Man Emu.

One-Touch Hi-4 Selector: In 4x4 Tacomas and 4Runners, this Limited available feature lets the driver shift into 4WD High with the touch of a button.

Options: These are features that do not come standard with a certain model, but are installed by the factory. Since the vehicles arrive at the dealer already equipped with options, you don't really choose an option; rather, you choose a vehicle with the options you like.

Original Equipment Manufacturer: An organization that sells products made by other companies, under the seller's brand name. The term is confusing because the OEM is really not the manufacturer, but the vendor of the equipment to the end user. However, the OEM is often the designer of the equipment, and "original equipment designer" or "original concept designer" would be more fitting terms.

Overdrive: A small auxiliary gearbox that provides an additional gear ratio. It causes the drive shaft to turn faster than the engine crankshaft or "overdrive" it. Overdrive provides a final drive ratio of less than 1:1. This allows the engine to operate at lower rpm at highway cruising speed and provides greater fuel economy, quieter operation, and less wear and tear on the engine. It also helps a vehicle maximize top-end speed.

Overhead Cam: The type of valvetrain arrangement in which the engine's camshaft(s) is in its cylinder head(s). When the camshaft(s) is placed close to the valves, the valvetrain components can be stiffer and lighter, allowing the valves to open and close more rapidly and the engine to run at higher rpm. In a single-overhead-cam (SOHC) layout, one camshaft actuates all of the valves in a cylinder head. In a double-overhead-camshaft (DOHC) layout, one camshaft actuates the intake valves, and one camshaft operates the exhaust valves.

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P

Panhard Bar: A long lateral link that provides lateral location of a rigid axle. It usually sits roughly parallel to the axle, with one end attached to the body and the other attached to the axle.

Part-Time Locker: A device that allows the differential to be locked and unlocked either automatically or manually. See also Locker.

Passenger Air Bag Cutoff Switch: Some Toyota models feature a passenger air bag cutoff switch4 that can manually be set in the "on" or "off" position by turning the ignition key in the cutoff switch located in the center console.

Do not turn off the passenger air bag system except when using a rearward-facing Child Restraint Seat (CRS) in the front seat. Please see your Owner's Manual for further instructions.

Passenger Window Lock-Out System: When used, this available system disables the passenger-side window from being operated by anyone except the driver.

Payload Rating: The maximum allowable weight, including occupants, equipment and cargo, a truck can transport — always determined by the manufacturer. Payload is calculated by subtracting curb weight from GVWR. So, if you increase the curb weight by adding components (such as a bigger engine or an automatic transmission), the payload rating will decrease.

Pinion: A small diameter gear with a small number of teeth designed to mesh with a much larger gear wheel or a toothed rod (rack). Used in rack-and-pinion steering and for speed reduction with an increase in power.

Piston: A partly hollow, cylindrical metal engine part that is closed at one end and fits into the engine cylinder. Connected to the crankshaft via the connecting rod and usually fitted with rings to seal it in the cylinder.

Planetary Gears: A gearset in which all of the gears are in one plane, grouped around each other like the planets around the sun. The central gear is called the "sun gear." In mesh with it is a circular grouping of gears, called "planet gears," mounted on a rotating carrier. The planet gears also engage teeth on the inner periphery of the "ring gear." By holding any one of the three gear elements motionless, different ratios can be produced between the other two. Planetary gearsets are common in automatic transmissions.

Plenum Chamber: A chamber, located between the throttle body and the runners of an intake manifold, used to distribute the intake charge evenly and to enhance engine breathing.

Port Fuel Injection: A type of fuel injection with at least one injector mounted in the intake port(s) of each cylinder. Usually the injector is mounted on the air intake manifold close to the port. Port fuel injection improves fuel distribution and allows greater flexibility in intake-manifold design, which can contribute to improved engine breathing.

Pound-Feet: The unit of measurement for torque. One pound-foot is equal to the twisting force produced when a one-pound force is applied to the end of a one-foot-long lever.

Power: The rate at which work is performed. Power is proportional to torque and rpm and is measured in horsepower.

Power-Assisted Variable-Assist Power Steering: The power-assist to the steering is adjusted according to either engine speed or road speed. Assist is greatest at low rpm or road speed, such as when parallel parking. Assist is lowest when the engine or road speed is greatest such as when cruising at highway speeds.

Power Band: The subjectively defined rpm range over which an engine delivers a substantial fraction of its peak power. The power band usually extends from slightly below the engine's torque peak to slightly above its power peak.

Powertrain: An engine and transmission combination.

Privacy Glass: A deeply-tinted rear and side window glass that helps keep the sun's rays out of the passenger cabin and provides an added measure of occupant privacy.

Progressive-Rate Spring: A spring with an increasing spring constant. For example, if the first inch of spring motion requires 100 pounds of force, the second inch would require more than an additional 100 pounds, and the third inch would require still more. Progressive-rate springs become stiffer as they are compressed, unlike single-rate springs, which have a fixed spring rate. The TRD front coil springs are progressive-rate springs.

Projector Beam Headlamps: A special type of headlight that uses a spherical reflector to tightly control the light beam. Projector beams are relatively expensive compared to standard headlights.

psi: Pounds per square inch, the common unit of measurement for pressure. Normal atmospheric pressure at sea level is 14.7 psi.

Pumpkin: Common term used to describe a differential carrier. More commonly refers to an older, stand-alone differential carrier, which resembles a pumpkin when separated from the axle tubes.

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Q

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R

Rack-and-Pinion Steering: Consists of a round pinion gear attached to the steering shaft, and a flat bar with gear teeth cut into it, called the rack. The rack and pinion mesh at a point between the front wheels. As the steering wheel is turned, the shaft from the steering column turns the pinion gear, forcing the rack either right or left along a horizontal plane. The rack is linked to the wheels via tie rods, which push and pull the wheels to steer them. In general, rack-and-pinion steering is precise and responsive.

Radial Ply: A tire in which the fabric cords run radially in a line from the wheel hub or straight out from the bead or around the tubular shape of the tire. Annular belts of fabric or steel mesh add rigidity. Advantages of this design are more flexible side walls with a relatively stiff tread area and a larger and more consistent footprint on the road under all driving conditions.

Radio Broadcast Data System (RDS): The RDS on the optional JBL sound system allows the radio to receive digital data transmitted along with the standard FM radio signal. This information can include station call letters, program format, the name of the song and the artist playing, as well as other useful information. RDS also helps make it easier to find traffic and emergency information. RDS allows customers to receive the weather band, which provides National Weather Service Reports 24 hours a day. RDS allows the vehicle owner to personalize the radio for his preferences.

Rear Differential Lock: When the transfer case is engaged in "L4," turning on the rear differential lock switch in the instrument panel "locks" the rear differential so both wheels turn at the same rate of speed. This helps provide additional traction in inclement on- and off-road conditions.

Rear Leaf Springs: A long, thin, narrow strip of steel curved in a semi-elliptical arc and connected at each end to the vehicle's frame. Usually, more than one strip is used to form a multi-leaf spring. Rugged and simple in design, leaf springs are extremely flexible, are able to be layered according to weight application and are designed to support heavy loads. The rear leaf springs on Tundra and Tacoma 4x4 and PreRunner models are located above the axle for added ground clearance.

Rear-Wheel Drive: With the engine driving only the rear wheels, RWD offers advantages for high-performance driving, towing and carrying heavy loads.

Redline: The maximum recommended revolutions per minute for an engine. In vehicles equipped with a tachometer: an instrument that measures engine rpm: the redline is usually indicated by, surprisingly enough, a red line. Some tachometers mark the redline with a colored sector. Others have two lines: the lower one marking the maximum allowable sustained engine rpm, the higher line indicating the absolute maximum rpm.

Ride Height: A measurement between the ground and some fixed reference point on a vehicle's body (the reference point varies according to the whims of the particular automaker). This dimension can be used to measure the amount of suspension deflection or the height of the body from the ground.

Rigid Axle: A simple non-independent suspension, consisting of a rigid transverse member with wheel hubs solidly bolted to it. The axle can be attached to the body by leaf springs, or by a combination of suspension arms and links.

Ring Gear: One of the gears in the rear axle that transmits power to the differential from the drive shaft.

Ring-and-Pinion Gear: Any gearset consisting of a small gear (the pinion gear) which turns a large-diameter annular gear (the ring gear).

RPM: Revolutions per minute. RPM indicates how many times the engine crankshaft rotates per minute.

Rub (Rubbing): The action of a tire coming into contact with the body or frame of a vehicle. May result in damage to the body of the vehicle, the tire, or both.

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S

SAC: Acronym for solid axle conversion. See Solid-Axle Swap

Safety Glass (Laminated): Used in windshields, this glass consists of two panes bonded together with a sheet of plastic sandwiched in between. This helps keep the windshield together during an impact, reducing injuries from sharp edges.

Safety Glass (Tempered): This heat-treated glass used in side and rear windows breaks into small blunt pieces when broken.

Safing Sensor: A sensor in a vehicle's air bag system is designed to help prevent inadvertent deployment.

SAS: See Solid-Axle Swap

SAW (SAW's): See Sway-A-Way.

Seat Belt Pretensioners With Force Limiters: Seat belt pretensioners cinch the seat belts during certain types of frontal impacts. Pretensioning can help the belt to immediately begin absorbing the occupants' forward momentum and help them avoid injury. All Toyota vehicles with seat belt pretensioners also feature force limiters. After the pretensioners deploy and a preset amount of force has been reached, force limiters slowly release tension on the belt to help absorb the energy of an impact.

Selectable Locker: A traction assistance device that allows the user to selectively lock or unlock the differential via electronic, pneumatic, or mechanical actuation. Common selectable lockers are the ARB Air Locker and Toyota's electronic locker (e-locker).

Selective Transmission: The conventional manual transmission of today in which any gear may be selected at will as opposed to the very early progressive transmission in which the gears had to be selected in order.

Semi-Elliptic Leaf Spring: A slightly curved leaf spring that is attached to a vehicle's body at its ends and to a suspension component near its middle. One of the two body attachments is a shackle, which allows for changes in the spring's length as it flexes up and down.

Semi-Floating Axle: The semi-floating axle design fastens the wheel directly to the flange on the outboard end of the axle shaft and a single bearing supports the outer end of the shaft. The axle shaft has to support the weight on the axle and the propulsion forces from the engine twisting it. A limitation of this design is that if the axle breaks/fails, the wheel may come off the vehicle while in motion (VERY bad). This design is primarily used on sport-utilities, and half-ton and light-duty 3/4-ton pickups. It is not suited to very large tires, heavy payloads, and hi-torque applications.

SFA: Acronym for solid front axle. See Solid-Axle Swap

Shackle: See also Clevis. This term can represent two things in the 4x4 world. A shackle is an 'H' looking bracket attached to the front or rear of leaf springs. The shackle allows the springs motion to compress and flex properly. Longer length shackles are commonly used to gain additional lift. A shackle or clevis is also a u-shaped fastening device with a threaded or locking pin used to connect winch cables or tow straps.

Shift Gate: The mechanism in a transmission linkage that controls the motion of the gearshift lever. The shift gate is usually an internal mechanism. However, in some transmissions the shift gate is an exposed guide around the shift lever.

Shock Absorber (Shock): The shock is the component in the vehicle's suspension system which dampens the effects of road surface bumps while helping to keep the wheels in constant contact with the ground. Normally, this is accomplished with hydraulics, forcing oil through small internal passages in the shock absorber's tubular housing. Gas-charged systems are pressurized and designed to respond faster than ordinary shock absorbers by reducing hydraulic lag caused when oil meets air.

Side-Impact Air Bag Supplemental Restraint System (SRS): Side air bags which are installed in the driver and front passenger seats. For instructions and precautions, see the Owner's Manual.

- See also: Dual Air Bag Supplemental Restraint System, Supplemental Restraint System (SRS)

Side-Impact Door Beams: Required in all new passenger cars by the federal government, these are steel beams inside the door that deflect certain types of side impacts. They may help protect passengers from intrusion in certain types of side collisions.

Single-Rate Spring: A spring with a constant spring rate. For example, if a 100-pound force deflects the spring by one inch, an additional 100 pounds will deflect it one more inch, and so on until the spring either bottoms or fails. Toyota non-TRD coil springs are single-rate springs.

Snatch Block: A winching device used to double-line or to change the winch's direction of pull. It usually consists of a hook, or some other method of attaching the device to an anchor, and a pulley for the winch cable.

SOHC: Acronym for single overhead cam. An SOHC engine uses one camshaft in each cylinder head to operate both the exhaust valves and the intake valves.

Solid-Axle (Solid Front Axle, SFA): A one-piece axle housing design that has rigid axle tubes extending all the way out to the knuckles, with an enclosed differential housing (also known as a pumpkin) located either in the center (rear axle) or offset to one side (front axle). The axle housing assembly connects either the front wheels to one another, or the rear wheels to one another.

Solid-Axle Swap (SAS): Suspension modification which involves removing the entire IFS suspension and replacing it with an apppropriate solid-axle housing and suspension. Solid-axle supension may be leaf-sprung (leaf springs and shocks) or coil-sprung (coil springs and shocks, or coilovers). The benefits of going with a solid-axle suspension include, among other things, the ability to achieve significantly greater travel and articulation, increased durability, and the ability to run much larger tires.

Spark Plug: The spark plug converts high voltage energy into an arc that passes between its electrodes. The arc causes the gasoline-air mixture in the cylinder to ignite and expand, providing power by pushing down the piston.

Speed-Rated Tires: A designation of the sustained high-speed capability of the tire. Special compounds and construction enable these tires to withstand the increase in pressure that comes at higher speeds. The speed rating is the letter on the sidewall in the tire's size (e.g., P205/65HR15, H=130 mph-rated).

Spool: A device that joins the ring gear and axle shafts as a single unit. Installing a spool eliminates differentiation between the axles, such that both axles (and therefore both wheels) will always spin at the same rate or speed.

Spooled Carrier: A carrier (commonly, though erroneously, referred to as a "diff" or "differential") that has had a spool or mini-spool installed, or the spider gears welded together (Lincoln Locker).

Spool Locker: See Spool.

Spotter: Person who communicates with the driver, providing instruction/information on steering direction and vehicle placement, as well as any obstacles or hazards. Typically the spotter stands outside the vehicle, so as to have a full view of the terrain and the vehicle.

SRS: See Supplemental Restraint System.

Stabilizer Bar: Sometimes called an anti-roll or sway bar, this is a bar or tube that links one side of the suspension to the other. The stabilizer bar acts as a torsion spring to resist twisting and reduce body roll during hard cornering.

Stainless Steel Exhaust: Because it is subject to extreme temperatures and water condensation, an exhaust system is particularly prone to corrosion. Stainless steel resists corrosion better than ordinary steel.

Stake Pockets: A series of squared-off, functionally designed "holes" or stake pockets along both sides of the top of the Tundra bed allow it to be easily transformed into a stake-bed truck. Each Tundra has six stake pockets (Access Cab models have four).

Starter: A motor powered by the battery that rotates the crankshaft before the engine is started.

Steering Geometry: The group of design variables outside the steering mechanism that affect steering behavior, including camber, caster, linkage arrangement, ride steer, scrub radius, toe-in, and trail.

Strut: A suspension element in which a reinforced shock absorber is used as one of the wheel's locating members, typically by solidly bolting the wheel hub to the bottom end of the strut.

Stuff: Raising a wheel to the point of maximum up-travel, or very near it. So called due to the appearance that the tire has been "stuffed" into the fender.

Sub-Frame: A frame separated from the vehicle's main frame, which supports specific vehicle components.

Sump: The space in the engine block under the crankshaft into which the oil drains from its various applications.

Supercharger: An air compressor used to force more air into an engine than it can inhale on its own. The term is frequently applied only to mechanically driven compressors, but it actually encompasses all varieties of compressors-including turbochargers.

Suspension: The assembly of springs, shock absorbers, torsion bars, joints, arms, etc., that cushions the shock of bumps on the road and serves to keep the wheels in constant contact with the road, thereby improving control and traction.

Sway-A-Way (SAW): A manufacturer of high-performance suspension components. Sway-A-Way produces aftermarket sway bars and torsion bars, as well as the RaceRunner line of specialty application coils and shocks. Most of the time, when people on the TTORA board mention SAW (or SAW's), they're referring to the company's Tacoma-specific adjustable replacement coilover.

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T

Tachometer: An instrument that indicates the number of revolutions per minute at which the engine is turning. Tappet A pivoting actuator than opens and closes cylinder valves.

Tension Shackle: See also Compression Shackle. This leaf spring shackle design has the spring eye located above the shackle mount. The weight of the frame pulls down on the shackle which pulls down on the spring. Longer length shackles will reduce suspension lift.

Throttle-Body: A housing containing a valve to regulate the airflow through the intake manifold. The throttle-body is usually located between the air cleaner and the intake plenum.

Throttle-Body Fuel Injection: A form of fuel injection in which the injectors are located at the engine's throttle-body, thereby feeding fuel to more than one cylinder. Such an arrangement saves money by using fewer injectors; but because it routes both fuel and air through the intake manifold, it eliminates some of the tuning possibilities offered by port fuel injection.

Tie-Down Hooks: The cargo bed of Tacoma and Tundra pickups features four tie-down hooks located on the inside of the bed. They make securing loads easy and convenient.

Toe-Control Link: A lateral link in a multilink suspension designed to control a wheel's direction as the suspension moves up and down.

Toe-In: The intentional nonparallel orientation of opposite wheels. Toe-in is measured by subtracting the distance between the front edges of a pair of tires from the distance between the rear edges of the same pair of tires. The toe-in dimension is positive when the fronts of the tires are turned toward the center of the vehicle.

Tongue Weight: The actual weight that is pressing down on the hitch attached to the vehicle. This weight should be subtracted to figure payload capacity.

Torque: A force in a twisting motion. In an engine, torque is the twisting motion at the crankshaft measured in foot-pounds (lb.-ft.). One foot-pound is the force of one pound acting at right angles at the end of an arm one foot long. Simply stated, torque is the engine power that gets a vehicle to speed — felt especially at off-line take-off and during acceleration.

Torque Converter: A fluid coupling used in automatic transmissions to transmit power from the engine to the wheels. The torque converter allows the transmission to be engaged while the vehicle is stopped. The transmission fluid absorbs power and prevents engine stalling. This torque increase, however, is achieved at the expense of rpm and efficiency.

Torsion Bar: A type of spring that twists as it is compressed or stretched. Torsion bar springs are simple and rugged, used in the suspension system.

Towing Capacity: The maximum weight a truck can pull. Towing the maximum weight may require a particular transmission, trailer hitch or other equipment.

Toyota Computer Controlled System (TCCS): A system used in all Toyota vehicles to monitor a variety of factors, including engine speed, engine temperature, air temperature and engine load. This information is sent to a sophisticated computer, which then coordinates adjustments to the fuel injection and ignition system. This technology can optimize engine operation for emissions, performance and efficiency under varying driving conditions.

Toyota Direct Ignition (TDI) System: This system eliminates all moving parts within the ignition system (including the distributor cap and rotor) by placing a compact ignition coil linked directly to each of the spark plugs, which minimizes misfiring and loss of engine power; in addition, this system eliminates the need for spark plug wires. The result is improved performance, greater durability/reliability and reduced maintenance.

Toyota Vehicle Intrusion Protection (VIP): An available break-in alarm that flashes the headlamps and taillamps and sounds the horn when a secured vehicle is broken into. It also disables the starter if someone forcefully enters the car. Removing the ignition key from the ignition automatically arms the system.

Traction Control: The sophisticated Toyota system is an all-speed design which utilizes both brake and engine throttle control. Traction control helps to avoid slippage of the driving wheels, which tends to happen during starting and acceleration on slippery surfaces and to maintain an optimal driving force according to the road surface conditions. The system eliminates the need for a subtle accelerator pedal operation and helps ensure vehicle control when starting or accelerating on slippery roads.

Trailing Arm: A suspension component consisting of a longitudinal member that pivots from the body at its forward end and has a wheel hub attached at the other end (the trailing end). It is similar to a semi-trailing arm system except that its pivot axis is directly perpendicular to the vehicle's longitudinal axis.

Trailing Link: A suspension link that is aligned to resist longitudinal motions in a wheel; it is mounted to the chassis ahead of the wheel.

Transaxle: A transmission and a differential combined in one integrated assembly.

Transfer Case: Four-wheel drive vehicles require a system of gears between the front and rear axles to transfer power from the transmission to those axles. Transfer cases typically have two gear ranges: high and low. Low range is used for extreme off-road conditions.

Transmission: The gear-changing or gear-shifting system through which engine power is transferred to the wheels. The purpose of gear-changing is to keep maximum engine power applied to the wheels at all times for all conditions, from start-up to high speeds. Most transmissions have 3-6 ratios or "speeds". The engine (via the crankshaft) spins too fast to drive the wheels. The transmission "reduces" the RPM and allows the engine to drive the wheels. Manual transmissions or "stick shifts" use gears as described above. Automatic transmissions usually employ turbines and a fluid to transmit power to the wheels. The rotational motion of the fluid through the transmission transfers the power from the crankshaft to the wheels. The different transmission ratios are needed to keep the engine operating efficiently. The lower ratios (ex. 1st and 2nd gears) provide the maximum torque (or twisting force) to move the car from a standstill. The higher ratios (ex. 4th and 5th gears) allow lower engine RPM for highway speeds. Generally speaking, the fewer ratios a transmission has, the less efficiently the engine operates.

Travel: A measure of the total distance a wheel can move (up and down). Measured from the center of the wheel at full droop to the center of the wheel at full stuff.

Tread: The pattern on the surface of a tire.

Tube Frame: A vehicle frame made up of rigid tubing welded together. Tube frames are easier to manufacture in small quantities than unitized frames.

Tuned Intake and Exhaust Systems: Intake and exhaust systems that, by harnessing the pressure pulses and resonances inside the various passages and chambers of the intake and exhaust manifolds, increase the flow of intake charge into and out of the combustion chambers.

Turbocharger: A supercharging device driven by exhaust gases from the engine. The turbine, driven by hot gases in the exhaust manifold spins the compressor. The compressor increases the intake air density, and combined with additional fuel, produces more power. Turbochargers always use centrifugal-flow compressors, which operate efficiently at the high rotational speeds produced by the exhaust turbine.

Turbo Lag: Within a turbocharger's operating range, lag is the delay between the instant a vehicle's accelerator is depressed and the time the turbocharged engine develops a large fraction of the power available at that point in the engine's power curve.

Turning Circle (Diameter): Typically measured curb-to-curb, this is the tightest possible circle driven by the outside front tire between two imaginary curbs.

Twin Stick: Allows the two transfer case shift rails to work independently, separating the high-low fuction from the 2WD-4WD funtion.

Twin-Cam Engine: See Double Overhead Cam (DOHC).

Two-Turn Door Locks: In a vehicle with this feature (including all Toyotas with power door locks), only the driver's door is unlocked when the key is turned in that door's lock. A second turn unlocks the other doors. This provides extra security in situations where the driver desires to open only one door, yet also allows the convenience of easily unlocking doors for all passengers.

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U

Uniball: A spherical bearing often used to replace factory balljoints. Uniballs are stronger than factory balljoints, and accomodate high misalignment. The term is also used to refer to aftermarket uniball upper control arms.

Unibody: The floor pan of a vehicle and chassis are connected to form a single structure; there is no separate frame. By welding all body panels together to form the vehicle's frame, it is possible to build in strength and rigidity with less weight.

Universal Joint: A joint that transmits rotary motion between two shafts that aren't in a straight line. Depending on its design, a universal joint can accommodate a large angular variation between its inputs and outputs. The simplest kind of universal joint, called a "Hooke joint," causes the output shaft to speed up and slow down twice for every revolution of the input shaft. This speed fluctuation increases with the angular difference between the shafts.

Up-travel: Maximum distance a wheel can be raised from its normal position, when the suspension is compressed.

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V

Variable Valve Timing and Lift with intelligence (VVTL-i): Based on the VVT-i system, the VVTL-i system has adopted a cam changeover mechanism that varies the amount of lift of the intake and exhaust valves while the engine is operating at high speeds. In addition to achieving higher engine speeds and higher outputs, this system enables the valve timing to be optimally set, resulting in improved fuel economy.

When the engine is operating in the low- to mid-speed range, the low- and medium-speed cams of the camshafts operate to move the two valves via the rocker arms. Then, when the engine is operating in the high-speed range, the signals from the sensors cause the engine's control module (ECM) to change the hydraulic passage of the oil control valve (for the variable valve lift), thus changing to the operation of the high-speed cams. Now the lift of the intake and exhaust valves increases, allowing the introduction of a greater volume of air-fuel mixture, as well as the discharge of a greater volume of exhaust gases. As a result, the engine operates at higher speeds and higher outputs when the engine is under more strain.

Variable Valve Timing with intelligence (VVT-i): This system selects the ideal intake and exhaust valve overlap under all engine operating conditions. VVT-i virtually eliminates the traditional compromises between low-end torque and high-rpm horsepower. It also helps enhance fuel economy and reduces emissions so effectively that it eliminates the need for the exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) emissions device.

Vehicle Skid Control (VSC): The VSC system electronically monitors speed and direction, and compares the vehicle's direction of travel with the driver's steering, acceleration and braking inputs. VSC can help compensate for loss of traction which can cause skids. It utilizes some components shared with the Anti-lock Brake System (ABS) and an electronically controlled engine throttle as well as a dedicated computer and sensors providing information to the VSC system. These include a yaw rate sensor, a G-sensor and a steering angle sensor.

When VSC is active, a warning beep tone and instrument panel warning light indicate that the system is functioning. In many cases, VSC reacts well before the driver is aware of a loss of traction. As with other safety technologies, such as anti-lock brakes, it is important to drive safely, since Vehicle Skid Control cannot defy the laws of physics, nor can it provide more traction than exists in a given condition.

Ventilated Disc Brakes: Disc brake rotors with machined vents that allow cooling air to pass through the hot disc. This helps reduce heat build-up and lessens the chance of the brake fading, glazing or warping.

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